Ernst May and the May Brigade in the Soviet Union (1930-1937)

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From Das Neue Rußland, vol. VIII-IX.  Berlin, 1931:

City Planning in Evolution

If there is any one area of endeavor in the USSR where the Revolution is still in full motion, then city building and dwelling construction must be considered first.  This is not surprising, for the replacement of a thousand-year-old social system by a new one is a process that will take more than just a dozen years to complete, or even to provide a clear and unequivocal direction.  Moreover, since the thorough reorganization of the the entire social life of the USSR, which covers on sixth of the land area of our globe, will vitally affect city development and housing everywhere, it follows that within the context of this general process of change it is at the present moment impossible to offer a panacea that would suddenly cure all the many ills accumulated over centuries and bring about immediate mature results.

Nevertheless, a number of theories have been advanced and are in hard competition with each other.  Some have been published abroad, and this in turn may have led to the impression that it is only these that represent the mainstream of Russian city planning.  Nothing could be more misleading!

So far there has been no firm commitment to one or the other system of city planning, and by all indications no such commitment should be forthcoming in the near future.  This does not mean that the field is dominated by a lack of planning or by arbitrariness.  The basic precepts of modern city planning, which in the past years have found wide acceptance in Europe, and which are now being implemented, have become the A to Z of planning in the USSR as well.  Clear separation of industry and residence, rational traffic design, the systematic organization of green areas, etc., are considered as valid a basis for healthy planning there as here; similarly, open-block planning is giving way to single-row building.

The Central Problem of the Socialist City

However, even though the general principles for the planning of Socialist cities have been established, the real problem is only beginning.  In other words, a city structure will have to be developed that in terms of its entire genesis as well as in terms of its internal articulation and structuring will be fundamentally different from the capitalist cities [189] in the rest of the world.  While our own cities in most cases owe their origin to commerce and the market place, with private ownership of land largely determining their form, the generating force behind the development of new cities in the Soviet Union is always and exclusively industrial economic production, regardless of whether in the form of industrial combines or agricultural collectives.  In contrast to prevailing practice in Europe, and with particular reference to trends in the USA, building densities in Soviet cities are not influenced by artificially inflated land values, as often happens in our case, but solely by the laws of social hygiene and economy.  In connection with this it should be pointed out most emphatically that the word ‘economy’ has taken on an entirely new meaning east of the Polish border.  Investments, which in a local sense may appear to be unprofitable, become convincingly [190] viable when seen from the vantage point of over all national planning by the state.

At this point I should like to point out most emphatically that among the innumerable misjudgments made abroad, none is more incorrect than that which assumes that work in the field of city planning and housing in the USSR is done without rhyme or reason, and that the ground has been cut out from under their feet.  The truth is that the economic and cultural reconstruction of all life in the USSR has no parallel in the history of mankind.  It is equally true that this reconstruction is being accomplished by a sober evaluation of all the realities, and it should be obvious to any observer that in each successive stage, matters recognized as desirable and ideal are being consciously subordinated to matters that are feasible and possible within the limitations of the present.  In the course of this discussion I shall return to this point on appropriate occasions.

Working in a meeting room of a local soviet; front left Walter Schwagenscheidt, behind from left Carl Lehmann, Wilhelm Hauss, Ms. Struve, and Ernst May, circa 1931
Wilhelm Kratz and Wilhelm Hauss with driver, Siberia 1931 (photo by Ernst May)
Walter Schwagenscheidt in the Soviet Union, circa 1932
Walter Schwagenscheidt in the Soviet Union, circa 1932
The May brigade in the USSR, 1931
Taking a break in the Soviet Union, 1931
Sledge tour, Tyrgan, Ernst May to the right circa 1931
Nachalovki (improvised housing) near Magnitogorsk, with Walter Schwagenscheidt, 1931 (photo by Ernst May)
March in Red Square commemorating Dzerzhinskii, 1931 (photo Ernst May)
May Day parade, Soviet Union, 1931 (photo by Ernst May)
Ilse May in the Soviet Republic of Armenia, 1932
The New Frankfurt: German architects go to the USSR (1929)
Figure on the Iberian Gate on Red Square, 1931 (photo by the German architect Ernst May)
Festival in Red Square, 1931 (photo Ernst May)
Ernst May in snowgear with his stereo camera in the Soviet Union, April 1931
Ernst May in his train compartment, Soviet Union (1932)
Constructivist propaganda figure, 1931 (photo by Ernst May)

The Overall Form of the Socialist City

As far as the general size of the city is concerned, the decision has been made to avoid in the future urban centers with populations larger than 150,000-200,000.  Reference is made to Lenin, who said: “We must aim at the fusion of industry and agriculture, based on the rigorous application of science, combined with the utilization of collective labor, and by means of a more diffused settlement pattern for the people.  We must end the loneliness, demoralization, and remoteness of the village, as well as the unnatural concentration of vast masses of people in the cities.”

Based on the above, the Five-Year Plan proposes decentralization of industrial production and thus automatically prevents the formation of excessive human concentrations.  As mentioned earlier, opinions vary widely concerning the methods by which these new settlements should be implemented.

Street-Aligned Single-Story Buildings

A proposal has been advanced to construct single-story buildings on pylons à la Corbusier, placing them at certain intervals along both sides of roads leading to kolkhozy.  The Soviets do not take this idea too seriously and tend to toy with it in the theoretical sense only.  It has never been tried in practice, and indications are that the concept will never actually be realized; generally it must be considered exceedingly uneconomical, particularly in terms of over-all state economic planning. Continue reading →

Soviet avant-garde submissions for the 1929 memorial to Christopher Columbus in Santo Domingo

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The controversy surrounding the celebration of Columbus Day notwithstanding, the various radical Soviet avant-garde project submissions for the 1929 international competition to design a memorial to Christopher Columbus in Santo Domingo were pretty incredible.

Engels’ 1847 speech on Columbus’ accidental journey to what would become known as the Americas is appended below. After that, there are a couple excerpts from Franz Mehring’s 1895 text On Historical Materialism.

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Minutes of Engels’s Lecture to the London German
Workers’ Educational Society on November 30,1847

The discovery of America

Written: November 30, 1847;
Source: MECW Volume 6, p. 627;
First published: in Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung, jg. 8, Leipzig, 1919.

Citizens! When Christopher Columbus discovered America 350 years ago, he certainly did not think that not only would the then existing society in Europe together with its institutions be done away with through his discovery, but that the foundation would be laid for the complete liberation of all nations; and yet, it becomes more and more clear that this is indeed the case. Through the discovery of America a new route by sea to the East Indies was found, whereby the European business traffic of the time was completely transformed; the consequence was that Italian and German commerce were totally ruined and other countries came to the fore; commerce came into the hands of the western countries, and England thus came to the fore of the movement. Before the discovery of America the countries even in Europe were still very much separated from one another and trade was on the whole slight. Only after the new route to the East Indies had been found and an extensive field had been opened in America for exploitation by the Europeans engaged in commerce, did. England begin more and more to concentrate trade and to take possession of it, whereby the other European countries were more and more compelled to join together. From all this, big commerce originated, and the so-called world market was opened. The enormous treasures which the Europeans brought from America, and the gains which trade in general yielded, had as a consequence the ruin of the old aristocracy, and so the bourgeoisie came into being. The discovery of America was connected with the advent of machinery, and with that the struggle became necessary which we are conducting today, the struggle of the propertyless against the property owners. Continue reading →

Soviet avant-garde architectural journal Izvestiia ASNOVA [Известия АСНОВА] (1926)

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Me reading one of the original printings of Izvestiia ASNOVA, formatted and designed by El Lissitzky in 1926

My comrade Brian Hioe reading one of the original copies of Izvestiia ASNOVA

Download the full-text, PDF version of Izvestiia ASNOVA/Известия АСНОВА (1926)

I recently happened across a copy of the Soviet architectural avant-garde group ASNOVA’s sole publication, Izvestiia ASNOVA (Известия АСНОВА), from 1926. Unlike their rivals, the architectural Constructivists in OSA, the Rationalists of ASNOVA were never able to maintain a steady periodical of their own. Still, it’s a beautifully designed text; none other than El Lissitzky worked on its layout. It has some interesting theoretical pieces by Nikolai Ladovskii on architectural pedagogy and the insights of Münsterburgian psychotechnics into the effects of various formal combinations on the mind. Also, it includes the article in which El Lissitzky unveils his famous Wolkenbügel proposal, describing some of the specifics of the project. Continue reading →

Models of Soviet avant-garde architecture

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Some gorgeous models I found of Soviet avant-garde architecture (both realized and unrealized structures) designed by Australian students.

Model reconstruction of one of Ivan Leonidov’s “blackprints” (1929).
Model of Ivan Leonidov’s internationally-renowned proposal for the Lenin Institute (1927).
Angled view of the model of Ivan Leonidov’s internationally-renowned proposal for the Lenin Institute (1927).
Model of El Lissitzky’s fantastic “cloudprop” proposal (1925).
An amazing visual recreation of one of Yakov Chernikov’s brilliant abstractions from 101 Architectural Fantasies (1925-1933).
Model of Alexey Shchusev’s third and final (stone) version of the Lenin Mausoleum (1930) in Moscow, still standing to this day. From Shchusev’s brief stint with primitivist/pyramidal modernism.
Scaled model of Konstantin Melnikov’s legendary 1925 Soviet pavilion building at the Paris World Fair.
Model of Konstantin Melnikov’s famous house. Personally, I’ve never been as big a fan of Melnikov’s work as others (say S. Frederick Starr) seem to have been.
Model of a section from Konstantin Melnikov’s legendary 1925 Soviet pavilion building at the Paris World Fair.
American Union model of proposed monument to Christopher Columbus (1929).

Яков Чернихов, «Архитектурные фантазии: 101 композиция» (1925-33) — Along with fully searchable, downloadable PDFs of the original Russian texts

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Forty-five sketches by the brilliant former Suprematist painter and visionary architect Iakov Chernikhov, all composed between 1925-1933 and published together in his book Architectural Fantasies: 101 Compositions.

For any of my readers who know Russian, please feel free to download the full-text, searchable PDFs of these brilliant texts:

DADA № 1, Juillet 1917 (wholly restored full-text download)

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Cover of DADA № 1, Juillet 1917

Download DADA № 1, Juillet 1917

NOTE 18 SUR L’ART

à l’occasion de l’expositon de gravures, broderies et reliefs dans la Galerie Dada

(4-29 Mai 1917)

L’art est à présent la sf’ule chose construite, accomplie en soi, dont on ne peut plus rien dire, tellement richesse vitalité sens sagesse: comprendre voir.

Décrire une fleur — rélative poésie plus ou moins fleur de papier.  Voir.

Jusqu’à ce qu’on ne, découvrira les vibrations intimes de la dernière c’ellule dans un cerveaudieumathématîque et l’explication des astronomies primaires: l’essence, on décrira toujours l’impossibilité avec des éléments logiques de la continuelle contradiction marécage d’étoiles et de sonneries inutiles.  Crapauds des lampions froids aplatis sur l’intelligence déscriptive du ventrerouge.  Ce qu’on écrit sur l’art est oeuvre d’éducation et dans ce sens elle peut exister.  Nous voulons rendre les hommes meilleurs, qu’ils comprennent que la seule fraternité est dans un moment d’intensité oil le beau est la vie concentrée sur la hauteur d’un fil-defer montant vers l’éclat, tremblement bleu lié à la trrre par nos regards aimants qui couvrent de neige le pic.  Le miracle.  J’ouvre mon coeur que les hommes soient meilleurs.

Nombre d’artistes ne’ cherchent plus les solutions dans l’objet et dans les relations de l’extérieur, ils sont cosmiques ou primaires décidés simples sages sérieux.

La diversité des artistes d’aujourd’hui serre le jet-d’eau dans une grande liberté-cristal.  Et leurs efforts créent de nouveaux organismes clairs.  Dans le monde pureté avec les transparences et matérialités de la construction cachée d’une simple image qui se forme. Ils continuent la tradition le passé et leur évolution pousse, lente comme un serpent vers les conséquences intérieures, directes, au delà des surfaces et des réalités.

— TRISTAN TZARA

Post-Futurist Anti-Capitalism (re-blogged from Anti-National Translation), as well as Notes and Oscuridades (UK), and my Tumblr

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Entrance to the Perisphere, 1939 New York’s World Fair, Queens.  Designed by Harrison and Fouilhoux.

Post-Futurist Anti-Capitalism

A recent summation of my post “Memories of the Future” appears on the excellent Anti-National Translation website.  It is reproduced below.  My thanks to the author of that blog.

Ross Wolfe, of the Charnel House, has a long post on the temporality of radical politics, criticising, among other temporal orientations, various forms of hankering after divers real and imaginary pasts, and particularly the longing for a ‘prelapsarian past, of the “good old days” before everything went wrong’.  Much of the post is devoted to Franco “Bifo” Berardi and  his latest book, After the Future (2011).

Among the targets are Jewbonics/MondoWeiss blogger Max Ajl.  His text “Planet of the Fields” was in Jacobin magazine and not published online, as far as I know.  Wolfe alleges that:

It soon becomes clear, however, that the only way the author thinks humanity can survive is for it to reinstate the past.  Against bourgeois society’s “ceaseless drive to urbanization, industrialization, and capital- and input-intensive agriculture,” Ajl follows Colin Duncan in stressing “the centrality of [‘low-impact’] agriculture.”  He thus counterposes an order founded upon a more modest, traditional agrarian model to the megalopolitan nightmare-city of the last couple centuries.[34]  In order to carry out this neo-Neolithic revolution, Ajl calls for a policy of “repeasantization” — a telling slip-of-the-pen.[35]  Presumably, what he means by this is not literally the restoration of some sort of peasantry, as this feudal title tends to imply a certain legal and political status: enserfment, congenital bondage to the land (the manor or estate of a local nobleman), and the compulsory alienation of one’s property and labor to his lord as part of a corvée system.  Most farmers are not peasants.  Rather, what Ajl probably has in mind is a new yeomanry, tilling the soil in the bucolic splendor of the countryside.  Although he insists that “smallholder agriculture is not an antiquarian curio,” the spirit that animates Ajl’s atavistic vision is clearly conjured out of the ideological ectoplasm of romantic anti-capitalism.[36]  It is nourished on “the view that if only capitalism had not come into existence we could all be living in a happy hobbit-land of freed peasants and independent small producers.”[37]

(Personally, I have a problem with the simplistic ortho-Marxism Wolfe seems to be channelling in his criticism of the term “peasantry,” as I believe that the peasantry as a class are defined by the objective contradiction between proletarianisation and autonomy/communisation, but that’s a discussion for another day.)

Wolfe continues, and this is where it becomes relevant to the concerns of this blog:

This would perhaps seem a neat bit of buffoonery — a quaint throwback to the petit-bourgeois socialism dismissed in the Manifesto as “reactionary and Utopian”[38] — were it not for the widespread support it enjoys in anti-capitalist circles today.  The idyllic past it portrays is, of course, a fiction.  Family farming has since the 1970s become fetishized by the “small is beautiful” Left, roughly around the same time as family-owned farms began to go extinct (transformed into subsidiaries of large-scale agribusiness).  Leftish urbanites and self-proclaimed student radicals today often see in traditional agriculture the vestiges of a simple, honest, and upright way of life that has otherwise been lost in modern times.  Seldom is it remembered that in former times the provincial homestead was a bastion of conservatismand bulwark of the ancien régime, home to ignorance, illiteracy, patriarchy, superstition, and the domestic slavery of women.[39]  Not for nothing did Marx and Engels contemptuously refer to it as a haven for “the idiocy of rural life.”[40]…

In the absence of any viable future, the gaze of all humanity turns impotently toward the past.  What emerges from such inauspicious times as these is thus a renovated passéism, in which the only imaginable society other than the one which presently endures must be seen as reminiscent of its earlier incarnations.[41]  Instead of forging a way forward into the great unknown, into an as-yet-unseen social formation, the only path that presently seems feasible for humanity is to flee into the familiar comfort of a new dark age.  Even Ajl’s “Planet of Fields” is just one step removed from Zerzanite primitivism.  To their credit, Mohandesi and Haider explicitly reject this latter-day Neo-Luddism,[42] reasserting the openness of the present.  Ajl, by contrast, addresses the primitivists’ challenge only en passant, obliquely brushing it aside on the grounds that nomadic hunter-gatherer society could never support a large population.[43]  And yet the Zerzanites can be said to possess at least one undeniable, if somewhat dubious, merit — the extreme lucidity with which they express their madness.

The post continues developing its critique of Bifo and gestures towards some alternative orientations to the past and future.  What I want to push, though, is the point that various forms of “post-futurist” romanticisms have become the default mode for anti-capitalism today, pervading the #Occupy movement, for example.  While the critique of this sort of romantic anti-capitalism is well developed on the Marxish left (see e.g. 3WF), the important messages is that that some apparently Marxist anti-capitalisms (Ajl is above all an anti-imperialist) are also mired in the “post-futurist” romance.

Also read: Ben Lear on lifeboat communism.

Related articles

Notes publication, Oscuridades, etc.

Jamie Patel of the publication Notes, run by students at Oxford and Cambridge in the UK, approached me about contributing a piece for the publication.  A worthy endeavor, methinks.  A journal of theory, creative writing, and poetry, Notes caters to a market that has up to this point been sorely neglected on campus: critical thought and investigation, accepting and promoting “anything that involves and would stimulate original thought.”  In the meantime, Jamie has been kind enough to re-blog my recent post “Memories of the Future.”  My own tastes incline me away from much of the post-Henri Lefebvre French theory they discuss on the site, but this is hardly a matter of principle.  It is encouraging to see these kinds of initiatives taking shape.

Also, many thanks to my friend Lucas Sutton from London, author of the blog Oscuridades, where Astorian noir is still gestating, for his thoughtful notes and comments in response to the post.

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«Воспоминания о будущем» Сигизмунда Кржижановскего (1925)

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Sigizmund Krzhizhanovskii’s collected works

«Воспоминания о будущем»

 Сигизмунд Кржижановский

  Воспоминания о будущем.

  Повесть

   I

   Любимой сказкой четырехлетнего Макси была сказка про Тика и Така. Оседлав отцовское колено, ладонями в ворс пропахнувшего табаком пиджака, малыш командовал:

   – Про Така.

   Колено качалось в такт маятнику, такающему со стены, и отец начинал:

   – Сказку эту рассказывают так: жили-были часы (в часах пружина), а у часов два сына – Тик и Так. Чтобы научить Тика с Таком ходить, часы, хоть и кряхтя, дали себя заводить. И черная стрелка – за особую плату – гуляла с Тик-Таком по циферблату. Но выросли Тик и Так: все им не то, все им не так. Ушли с цифр и с блата – назад не идут. А часы ищут стрелами, кряхтят и зовут: “Тик-Так, Так-Тик, ,Так!” Так рассказано или не так?

   И маленький Макс, нырнув головой под полу пиджака, щурился сквозь суконные веки петлицы и неизменно отвечал:

   – Не так.

   Теплый отцовский жилет дергался от смеха, шурша об уши, сквозь прорезь петлицы видна была рука, вытряхивающая трубку:

   – Ну а как же? Я слушаю вас, господин Макс Штерер.

   В конце концов, Макс Штерер ответил: но лишь тридцать лет спустя.

   Первая попытка вышагнуть из слов в дело относится к шестому году жизни Макса.

   Дом, в котором жила семья Штереров, примыкал к горчичным плантам, уходящим зелеными квадратами к далекому изгибу Волги. Однажды – это было июльским вечером – мальчуган не явился к ужину. Слуга обошел вкруг дома, выкрикивая по имени запропастившегося. Прибор Макса за все время ужина оставался незанятым. Вечер перешел в ночь. Отец вместе со слугой отправились на розыски. Всю ночь в доме горел свет. Только к утру беглец был отыскан: у .речной переправы, в десяти верстах от дома. У него был вид заправского путешественника: за спиной кошель, в руках палка, в кармане краюха хлеба и четыре пятака. На гневные окрики отца, требовавшего чистосердечного признания, беглец спокойно отвечал:

   – Это не я, а Так и Тик бежали. А я ходил их искать.

   Штерер-отец, дав и себе и сыну отъесться и отоспаться, решил круто изменить свою воспитательную методу. Призвав к себе маленького Макса, он заявил, что сказки дурь и небыль, что Так и Тик попросту стук одной железной планки о другую и что стук никуда бегать не может. Видя недоумение в голубых широко раскрытых глазах мальчугана, он открыл стеклянную дверцу стенных часов, снял стрелки, затем циферблат и, водя пальцем по зубчатым контурам механизма, объяснил: гири, оттого что они тяжелые, тянут зубья, зубья за зубцы, а зубцы за зубчики – и все это для того, чтобы мерить время.

   Слово “время” понравилось Максу. И когда – два-три месяца спустя – его засадили за букварь, в, е, м, р, я были первыми знаками, из которых он попробовал построить, водя пером по косым линейкам, слово.

   Узнав дорогу к шевелящимся колесикам, мальчик решил повторить опыт, проделанный отцом. Однажды, выждав, когда в доме никого не было, он приставил к стене табурет, взобрался на него и открыл часовую дверцу. У самых глаз его мерно раскачивался желтый диск маятника; цепь, натянутая гирею, уходила вверх в темноту и шуршание зубцов. Затем с часами стало происходить странное: когда садились обедать, Штерер-старший, глянув на циферблат, увидел: две минуты третьего. “Поздновато”,- пробурчал он и поспешно взялся за ложку. На новый взгляд, в промежутке между первым и вторым, часы ответили: две минуты пятого. “Что за цум тайфель?44 Неужели мы ели суп два часа?” Штерер-младший молчал, не подымая глаз; когда вставали из-за стола, стрелки достигли пяти минут восьмого, а пока слуга успел сбегать за часовым мастером, жившим поблизости, часы заявили о близости полночи, хотя за окном сияло солнце.

   Мастер, явившись на зов, прежде всего снял стрелки и, протянув их маленькому Максу, попросил подержать. Пока он, обнажив механизм, вместе с хозяином осматривал винты и колесики, у напроказившего мальчугана было достаточно времени, чтобы сдернуть крохотный протез на ниточке с короткорукой часовой стрелы. Тщательно все осмотрев и выверив, мастер заявил, что часы в полной исправности и что незачем было его, человека занятого, напрасно беспокоить.

   Выведенный из себя Штерер-старший закричал, что своим глазам он верит больше, чем чужим знаниям, и потребовал починить взбесившиеся часы. Мастер, обидевшись в свою очередь, заявил, что если кто и взбесился, то во всяком случае не часы, и что он не намерен тратить время и брать деньги за починку неиспорченного. И, поставив стрелы на место, хлопнул сначала часовой дверцей, затем дверью. И часы, точно довершая издевательство над своим хозяином, вдруг круто изменив ход, стали отстукивать минуты с хронометрической точностью.

   Весь остаток дня отец и сын провели, не обмолвившись ни словом. Изредка то тот, то этот с беспокойством поглядывали на циферблат. За окном уже чернела нрчь, когда Макс, преодолевая смущение, подошел к отцу и, притронувшись к его колену, сказал:

   – Про Така.

   И легенда о Тике и Такс, изгнанная было из штерерского дома, возвратилась восвояси. Штерер-младший, производя свой первый опыт, заставил часовые стрелки поменяться осями: минутную на часовую – часовую на минутную. И он мог убедиться, что даже такая простая перестановка нарушает ход психических механизмов.

   Вытянув руку, экспериментатор потрогал одну из стрел – ту, что покороче. Другая уводила свое длинное черное острие вверх. Необходимо было обследовать и ее. Привстав на цыпочки, он дотянулся. Над головой что-то хрустнуло, а в пальцах у него чернел отломавшийся кончик стрелы. Как быть? Из шва курточки топорщилась черная нитка. Через минуту отломавшийся кончик был аккуратно привязан к ближайшему острию. Правда, короткая стрелка от этого стала длинной, а длинная короткой,- но не все ли равно. В это время по коридору шаги. Мальчуган захлопнул дверцы часов, спрыгнул и оттащил табурет на место.

   Старые терпеливые цюрихские часы не рассердились на любознательного мальчугана, повредившего им их черный палец. Безустанно шагая из угла в угол на своей длинной ноге внутри своей тюремно-тесной стеклянной клетки, они снисходительно разрешали паре детских глаз посещать себя в своем настенном одиночестве. Размеренно отчеканивая секунды, механический учитель из Цюриха, как и большинство учителей, был напружен, точен и методичен. Но гений и не нуждается в том, чтобы его учили фантазии; страдая от своей чрезмерности, он ищет у людей лишь одного – меры. Таким образом преподаватель и ученик вполне подходили друг к другу. Всякий раз, когда за стеной захрапит послеобеденным храпом отец, Штерер-младший, придвинув табурет к проблеме времени, начинал свои расспросы. Он тянул учителя за гири, ощупывал ему его круглое белое лицо, пробирался пытливыми пальчиками внутрь его жесткого и колючего мозга. И однажды случилось так, что механический учитель – очевидно, озадаченный каким-то трудным вопросом вдруг свесил ногу и перестал отчеканивать урок. Макс, полагая, что часы обдумывают ответ, терпеливо дожидался, стоя на табурете. Молчание длиннилось. Стрелы застыли на белом диске. Из-за зубцов – ни звука и ни призвука. Испуганный ребенок, спрыгнув наземь, бросился к спящему отцу; теребя его за свесившийся рукав, он, сквозь всхлипы, бормотал:

   – Папа, часы умерли. Но я не виноват.

   Отец, стряхнув с себя просонье, зевнул и сказал:

   – Что за вздор. Умереть – это не так просто, успокойся, мальчик: они испортились. Только и всего, и мы их починим. А плачут только девочки.

   Тогда будущий мастер длительностей, вытерев кулачками глаза, спросил:

   – А если испортится время – мы его тоже починим?

   Отцу, следуя примеру старых часов, пришлось замолчать. Распрямившись, он с некоторым беспокойством оглядывал свое порождение. Continue reading →

Ruins of the future

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Riffing on some lines from the inimitable Owen Hatherley:

Erase the traces.

Narkomfin building, designed by Moisei Ginzburg and Ignatii Milinis (1929)

Destroy, in order to create.

Hallway inside Narkomfin building, photo by Liza Dedova (February 2011)

Build a new world on the ruins of the old.

Hallway of Narkomfin, photo by Max Semakov (April 2009)

This, it is often thought, is the Modernist imperative, but what of it if the new society never emerged?

Narkomzem building, designed by Aleksei Shchusev, Dmitrii Bulgakov, Iosif Frantsuz, Grigorii Yakovlev; photo by Max Semakov (April 2009)

We have been cheated out of the future, yet the future’s ruins lie about us, hidden or ostentatiously rotting.

NCSR, Commissariat of Communications, designed by Ivan Fomin (1928-1931); photo by Max Semakov (April 2009)

So what would it mean, then, to look for the future’s remnants?

Tsentrosoiuz building, designed by Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, and Nikolai Kolli (1928-1933), photo by Max Semakov (April 2009)

To uncover clues about those who wanted, as Walter Benjamin put it, to “live without traces”?

Souvenir of the Crystal Palace (built 1851, destroyed by fire 1936)

Can we, should we, try and excavate utopia?